Test your knowledge of The Arid Atlas: Water & Geology of Middle East & Africa with 10 trivia questions and answers.
The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, stretching over two million square kilometers beneath Sudan, Chad, Libya, and most of Egypt, represents the world's largest known fossil water aquifer. This vast underground reservoir holds an estimated 150,000 cubic kilometers of groundwater, much of which is tens of thousands of years old, accumulated during wetter climatic periods. Libya's Great Man-Made River project, for instance, extracts approximately 2.4 cubic kilometers of this non-replenishable fresh water annually for consumption and agriculture, highlighting the reliance on these ancient geological formations.
The Middle East and North Africa comprise the most water-scarce region globally, possessing only 1.4 percent of the world's renewable freshwater resources despite hosting 6.3 percent of the global population. This scarcity is profoundly shaped by geological structures; many regions, including much of the Sahara Desert where annual rainfall often averages less than 76 millimeters, depend on deep sedimentary aquifers containing fossil water rather than annually recharged sources. Africa as a continent contains an estimated 0.66 million cubic kilometers of groundwater, but the accessibility and renewability of these reserves vary greatly with local geology.
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Correct Answer: Saudi Arabia
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